NecessaryBone

Neuber, Caroline

2005-11-18T19:35:00.000-08:00

Rebelling against her tyrannical father, she ran away at age 20 with a young clerk, Johann Neuber, and married him in 1718. They served their theatrical apprenticeship in the traveling companies of Christian Spiegelberg

Guyton De Morveau, Louis Bernard

2005-08-08T21:20:00.000-07:00

Guyton studied law at Dijon, practiced there from 1756 to 1762, and was an advocate-general in the provincial parlement of Burgundy from 1762 to 1782. In the latter year he retired to devote himself full

Solomonid Dynasty

2005-07-27T19:10:00.000-07:00

Also called Solomonic Dynasty, line of Ethiopian emperors who, according to tradition, were descended from Menilek I, the son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Makeda). Until Haile Selassie I was deposed in 1974, their rule was supposed to have been continuous but for two periods, the reign of the Zagwe dynasty (12th–13th century) and the reign of Tewodros II (1855–68). Many scholars, however, trace the line back only as far

Oersted

2005-07-23T13:15:00.000-07:00

Unit of magnetic-field strength, in the centimetre-gram-second system of physical units. Named for the 19th-century Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, it is defined as the intensity of a magnetic field in a vacuum in which a unit magnetic pole (one that repels a similar pole at a distance of one centimetre with a force of one dyne) experiences a mechanical force of

Howard, Jean

2005-07-08T10:35:00.000-07:00

American actress and celebrity photographer (b. Oct. 13, 1910, Longview, Texas—d. March 20, 2000, Beverly Hills, Calif.), was an actress in films of the 1930s and '40s and later became a prominent socialite and a noted photographer of Hollywood's glamour set. She started in show business as a chorus girl, appearing in Florenz Ziegfeld's Broadway musical Whoopee in 1930 and Ziegfeld's last Follies (1931). A screen

Teaching

2005-07-06T15:00:00.000-07:00

Measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world's largest profession. In the late 20th century it was estimated that there were 30,000,000 teachers throughout the world. Though their roles and functions vary from country to country, the variations among teachers

'ayn

2005-06-30T16:50:00.000-07:00

Many a'yan during the 17th century acquired lifelong leases on tax farms and prospered financially. During

Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, 1st Baronet

2005-06-22T23:15:00.000-07:00

A brother-in-law of the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, Buxton, in

Floor Covering

2005-06-16T08:25:00.000-07:00

Material made from textiles, felts, resins, rubber, or other natural or man-made substances applied or fastened to, or laid upon, the level base surface of a room to provide comfort, durability, safety, and decoration. Such materials include both handmade and machine-made rugs and carpets and smooth-surfaced floor coverings. Although the words carpet and rug are frequently

Canals And Inland Waterways, Bridges, aqueducts, and tunnels for waterways

2005-06-03T17:10:00.000-07:00

Canals must frequently cross over or under roads and railways, rivers, and other canals. These crossings are made by a variety of bridges, sometimes carrying the road or railroad, sometimes carrying the canal. Most are fixed, though movable bridges are also used. On the Weaver River in England, four movable bridges, carrying main roads across the waterway, swing on

San Cristóbal

2005-06-01T00:00:00.000-07:00

In full Benemérita de San Cristóbal city, south-central Dominican Republic. It is situated in the coastal lowlands close to the Caribbean Sea. Founded by Spaniards in 1575, when gold was discovered in the area, it was the site of the signing of the Dominican Republic's first constitution (1844) and of the birth of dictator Rafael Trujillo Molina (1891). San Cristóbal is now a prosperous commercial centre for its agricultural

Pacific Ocean, Tropical storms

2005-05-18T03:05:00.000-07:00

Although, in general, the climatic conditions of the trade-wind belts are characteristically regular and uniform, storms of great violence do originate there. In such storms, winds of exceptionally great force spiral inward toward a centre of exceedingly low atmospheric pressure. These are the tropical storms known in the western Pacific as typhoons. While the

Alicyclic Compound

2005-05-16T08:25:00.000-07:00

In chemistry, any of a large class of organic compounds in which three or more atoms of the element carbon are linked together in a ring. The bonds between pairs of adjacent atoms may all be of the type designated single bonds (involving two electrons), or some of them may be double or triple bonds (with four or six electrons, respectively); six-membered rings for which a system

Sublime

2005-05-14T06:15:00.000-07:00

The author

Macas

2005-03-15T07:10:00.000-08:00

Town, southeastern Ecuador. It lies on the Upano River along the eastern slopes of the Andes, at an elevation of 3,445 feet (1,050 m). Founded by the Spanish captain Jos� Villanueva Maldonado in the mid-16th century as the city of Sevilla del Oro (�Golden Seville�), it was a large settlement for several decades and prospered by the exploitation of nearby alluvial gold deposits. After its

Antarctic Peninsula

2005-03-14T08:06:00.000-08:00

Also called �Palmer Peninsula, �Graham Land�, or �Tierra de O'Higgins� peninsula claimed by Britain as part of the British Antarctic Territory and also claimed by Chile and Argentina. It forms an 800-mile (1,300-kilometre) northward extension of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America. The peninsula is ice-covered and mountainous, the highest point being Mount Jackson (13,750 feet [4,191 m]). Marguerite Bay indents the west coast, and Bransfield

Quaestor

2005-03-11T20:02:00.000-08:00

With the advent of the republic in the year 509 BC, each of the two consuls, who at first were called praetors, appointed a quaestor to be the

Macaroni

2005-03-04T02:18:00.000-08:00

In art, Late Paleolithic finger tracings in clay, the oldest form of art known. Innumerable examples appear on the walls and ceilings of limestone caves associated with human habitation in France and Spain, the oldest dating from about 30,000 BC. They range from simple scratchings and jumbled aimless lines to deliberate meanders and arabesques and outline drawings of

Ashikaga Tadayoshi

2005-03-03T15:38:00.000-08:00

When in 1333 Takauji joined forces with the emperor Go-Daigo, Tadayoshi accompanied him, becoming a leading commander of the

Biblical Literature, The Septuagint (LXX)

2005-03-02T01:48:00.000-08:00

This narrative, repeated

Cumberland Gap

2005-03-01T09:30:00.000-08:00

Natural pass (elevation 1,640 feet [500 metres]) that was cut through the Cumberland Plateau in the eastern United States by former stream activity. It is located near the point where Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee meet between Middlesboro, Kentucky, and the town of Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. The pass was discovered in 1750 by Thomas Walker, and the Wilderness Road blazed by Daniel

Bloemaert, Abraham

2005-02-28T04:37:00.000-08:00

Bloemaert studied at Utrecht under eminent painters, spent three years in Paris, and then returned to settle finally at Utrecht, where he became dean of the Guild of St. Luke. He painted and etched historical and allegorical pictures, landscapes, still lifes, animal

Levertov, Denise

2005-02-27T15:20:00.000-08:00

Levertov's father was an immigrant Russian Jew who converted to Christianity, married a Welsh woman, and became an Anglican clergyman.

Wagtail

2005-02-26T07:15:00.000-08:00

Any of the 7 to 10 species of the bird genus Motacilla, of the family Motacillidae, together with the forest wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus) of Asia. Wagtails are strongly patterned birds of beaches, meadows, and streamsides; they usually nest on the ground but roost in trees. The birds are so named because they incessantly wag their long tails up and down. The forest wagtail

Bendahara

2005-02-25T07:21:00.000-08:00

In the traditional Malay states, the chief minister, second only to the sultan in rank, power, and authority; the office of bendahara (a Sanskrit title) grew in importance during the Malacca sultanate after 1400. Its functions included executing the sultan's commands and acting as prime minister and commander in chief. The bendahara also supplied the sultan with a palace

Jackson, Howell E.

2005-02-24T05:11:00.000-08:00

Jackson practiced law in the towns of Jackson and Memphis, Tenn., until the outbreak of the American Civil War, during which he served the Confederacy as a receiver of sequestered property. He gained prominence in his practice after the war and in 1880 was

Tiet� River

2005-02-22T17:05:00.000-08:00

Several of the state's

Amelanchier

2005-02-21T09:43:00.000-08:00

Genus of flowering shrubs and small trees of the rose family (Rosaceae), several species of which have entered cultivation as ornamental plants. Most species are North American; exceptions include the shrubby A. ovalis, which ranges over Europe, and A. asiatica, a small tree of East Asia. A number of amelanchiers are variously called juneberry,

Arts, East Asian, Kabuki theatre

2005-02-19T05:13:00.000-08:00

The nagauta form of lyric music, like most of the other narrative forms, began with a close relation to the kabuki popular theatre of the Tokugawa period. The first kabuki performances used instruments (hayashi) from the no drama. Because kabuki was related to the flourishing demimonde of the major cities, however, the music of the party houses and brothels was soon added

Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von (baron Of)

2005-02-18T20:12:00.000-08:00

German jurist and historian, best known for his defense of the idea of natural law. He was created a baron in the last year of his life.

Aliger, Margarita Iosifovna

2005-02-17T18:39:00.000-08:00

Born into a poor family, Aliger was a committed communist from an early age. She studied writing in Moscow from 1934 to 1937 at what later became the Gorky Literary Institute. In the late 1930s she wrote prose sketches and verse diaries of her

Ampthill (of Ampthill), Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron

2005-02-16T20:07:00.000-08:00

A member of a prominent family, Russell as a youth became fluent in French, German, and Italian through tutoring and wide travel and also acquired the social gifts for a diplomatic career. He served in a variety of posts in Vienna, Paris, Constantinople,

Epistemology

2005-02-15T02:28:00.000-08:00

The study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. The name is derived from the Greek episteme (�knowledge�) and logos (�reason�), and accordingly the field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge. Epistemology has had a long history, spanning the time from the pre-Socratic Greeks to the present. Along with metaphysics, logic, and ethics, it is one of the four

Housecarl

2005-02-14T17:59:00.000-08:00

Canute's 3,000-man force, which remained in England after the invasion army had been sent home, does not represent

L'enfant, Pierre-charles

2005-02-13T04:40:00.000-08:00

L'Enfant studied art under his father at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture from 1771 until he enlisted in 1776 as a volunteer in the American Revolutionary Army. In recognition

Bessi�res, Jean-baptiste, Duke D'istrie

2005-02-12T00:19:00.000-08:00

In 1792 Bessi�res joined Louis XVI's constitutional guard as a private. After serving in Catalonia as a captain, he was chosen to command Napoleon's escort

T'ien Ming

2005-02-11T03:07:00.000-08:00

The continuation of the mandate was believed to be conditioned by the personal behaviour of the ruler, who was expected to possess i (�righteousness�) and jen (�benevolence

Spongilla

2005-02-10T20:22:00.000-08:00

Sponge genus that includes the freshwater sponge (q.v.) species.

Nematode

2005-02-09T16:48:00.000-08:00

Also called �Roundworm, � any worm of the class Nematoda (phylum Aschelminthes, though many authorities consider the Nematoda to be a distinct phylum). Nematodes are among the most abundant animals, occurring as parasites in animals and plants or as free-living forms in soil, freshwater, marine environments, and even such unusual places as vinegar and beer malts. The number of named species

Pole, Reginald

2005-02-08T06:22:00.000-08:00

His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of Salisbury, was a niece of Edward

Lockhart, John Gibson

2005-02-07T05:59:00.000-08:00

Lockhart, the son of a Presbyterian minister descended from the landed gentry, studied at the universities of Glasgow and Oxford and began the practice

F-86

2005-02-06T07:45:00.000-08:00

Also called �Sabre� U.S. single-seat, single-engine jet fighter built by North American Aviation, Inc., the first jet fighter in the West to exploit aerodynamic principles learned from German engineering at the close of World War II. The F-86 was built with the wings swept back in order to reduce transonic drag rise as flight speed approached the sound barrier, and it was capable of exceeding

Academy

2005-02-04T21:26:00.000-08:00

The designation academy, as a school of philosophy, is usually applied not to Plato's immediate

Jacobi, Sir Derek

2005-02-03T17:18:00.000-08:00

Born into a nontheatrical family - his father was a London department store manager, his mother a secretary - Jacobi first developed a taste for performing while attending the all-male Leyton County High School. Earning a

Semiconductor

2005-02-02T14:03:00.000-08:00

If an abrupt change in impurity type from acceptors (p-type) to donors (n-type) occurs within a single crystal structure, a p-n junction is formed (see parts B and C of the figure). On the p side, the holes constitute the dominant carriers and so are called majority carriers. A few thermally generated electrons will also exist in the p side; these are termed minority carriers. On the n side,

Bruce, James

2005-02-01T07:01:00.000-08:00

Explorer who, in the course of daring travels in Ethiopia, reached the headstream of the Blue Nile, then thought to be the Nile's main source. The credibility of his observations, published in Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790), was questioned in Britain, partly because he had first told the French court of his discoveries.

Kamarhati

2005-01-31T17:10:00.000-08:00

City, east-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just east of the Hooghly River and is part of the Calcutta urban agglomeration. The city's major industries include jute and cotton milling, leather tanning, and the manufacture of rubber goods, cement, pottery, and paint. It contains a group of temples, called Rani Rasmani's Nabaratna, that are dedicated to

Sorolla Y Bastida, Joaqu�

2005-01-30T13:53:00.000-08:00

Sorolla was from a poor family and was orphaned at age two. He displayed an early talent and was admitted to the Academy of San Carlos in Valencia at

Substitution Reaction

2005-01-29T17:38:00.000-08:00

If the chlorine atom is displaced by other groups - such as the cyanide ion (-CN), the

Spongillafly

2005-01-28T04:41:00.000-08:00

Any insect of the parasitic neuropteran family Sisyridae. The adult, a smoky brown insect, deposits clusters of eggs under a silky web near or on the water. The larva lives as a parasite on a freshwater sponge. It leaves the water when fully grown and spins a double-walled, lacelike cocoon in which it passes the pupal stage. Spongillaflies are found throughout the world

Perceval

2005-01-27T10:44:00.000-08:00

Hero of Arthurian romance, distinguished by his quality of childlike (often uncouth) innocence, which protected him from worldly temptation and set him apart from other knights in Arthur's fellowship. This quality also links his story with the primitive folktale theme of a great fool or simple hero. In Chr�tien de Troyes's poem Le Conte du Graal (12th century), Perceval's

Mesopotamia, History Of, Literary and other historical sources

2005-01-26T03:01:00.000-08:00

The picture offered by the literary tradition of Mesopotamia is clearer but not necessarily historically relevant. The Sumerian king list has long been the greatest focus of interest. This is a literary composition, dating from Old Babylonian times, that describes kingship (nam-lugal in Sumerian) in Mesopotamia from primeval times to the end of the 1st dynasty of

Fainting

2005-01-25T06:27:00.000-08:00

In physiology, loss of consciousness owing to a temporary decrease in the blood supply to the brain. See syncope.

Cartwright, William

2005-01-24T19:35:00.000-08:00

Educated at Westminster School and the University of Oxford, Cartwright became a preacher, noted for his florid style, and a reader in metaphysics. In 1643 he was university junior proctor.

R�o De Oro

2005-01-23T10:47:00.000-08:00

Southern region of Western Sahara. It has an area of 71,000 square miles (184,000 square km) and lies between Cape Blanco and latitude 26� N, near Cape Bojador. The climate is very arid, with virtually no rainfall, and there are extreme variations of temperature in the interior, ranging from nearly 32� F (0� C) at night to about 122� F (50� C) in the afternoon. Its principal town, Dakhla (formerly Villa Cisneros),

Talking Drum

2005-01-22T09:27:00.000-08:00

Five varieties of d�nd�n pressure drums of the Yoruba and the atumpani and fontomfron of the Ashanti are especially notable. They send messages up to 20 miles (32 kilometres),

Smenkhkare

2005-01-21T05:54:00.000-08:00

As shown by medical and serological analysis of his mummy, Smenkhkare was almost certainly a brother

Sint-niklaas

2005-01-20T21:15:00.000-08:00

French �Saint-nicolas, � municipality, East Flanders province, northern Belgium, southwest of Antwerp. The former capital of the Waasland region, it was granted independence by the counts of Flanders (1241) and chartered in 1513. A rail junction and the industrial and trade centre for the fertile Waasland (Pays de Waes), its marketplace is the largest in Belgium (7.5 acres [3 hectares]). It has textile industries

Ghat

2005-01-19T09:28:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Gat, � oasis, southwestern Libya, near the Algerian border. Located on an ancient Saharan caravan route, it was a slave-trading centre and the object of European exploration in the 19th century. Ghat lies west of the Wadi (watercourse) Tanezzuft in hilly sandstone country, near the Jibal Akakus (mountains) and the Tadrart plateau. A nearby offshoot of the mountains, Idinen, is a legendary

Melanesian Pidgin

2005-01-18T16:29:00.000-08:00

Also called �Melanesian Pidgin English, Neo-melanesian, Beach-la-mar, or Sandalwood English, � an English-based pidgin that is used widely in Melanesia as a trade and mission language; in some areas it has become established as a creole (i.e., it has become the native language of some communities). Melanesian Pidgin has also become the lingua franca of Papua New Guinea, where several hundred native languages are spoken, most of them being mutually

Lagrange, Joseph-louis, Comte De L'empire

2005-01-17T04:52:00.000-08:00

Lagrange was from a well-to-do family of French origin on his father's side.

Eye Worm

2005-01-16T00:44:00.000-08:00

(species Loa loa), common parasite of humans and other primates in central and western Africa, a member of the class Nematoda (phylum Aschelminthes). It is transmitted to humans by the deerfly, Chrysops (the intermediate host), which feeds on primate blood. When the fly alights on a human victim, the worm larva drops onto the new host's skin and burrows underneath. The larva

Regina

2005-01-15T15:26:00.000-08:00

Capital and largest city of Saskatchewan, Canada, on Wascana Creek, in the south-central part of the province. It originated as a hunters' camp and was known as Pile O'Bones for the heaps of bones left there after skinning and cutting buffalo. Captain John Palliser, the explorer, visited the site in 1857 and called it Wascana (derived from its Cree Indian name, Oskana); with the

Pius V, Saint

2005-01-14T22:55:00.000-08:00

Original name �Antonio Ghislieri � Italian ascetic, reformer, and relentless persecutor of heretics, whose papacy (1566 - 72) marked one of the most austere periods in Roman Catholic church history. During his reign, the Inquisition was successful in eliminating Protestantism in Italy, and the decrees of the Council of

Talc

2005-01-13T02:46:00.000-08:00

Since ancient times, soapstones

Hyde Park

2005-01-12T09:32:00.000-08:00

Town (township) and unincorporated village, Dutchess county, eastern New York, U.S. It lies on the east side of the Hudson River, 8 miles (13 km) north of Poughkeepsie and about 75 miles (121 km) north of New York City. Both the village (settled as Stoutenburgh in 1741) and town (formed in 1821) bear the name of a local estate honouring Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, who was governor of New York (1702 - 08). Primarily

Hesse, Hermann

2005-01-11T23:52:00.000-08:00

German novelist, poet, and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946, whose main theme deals with man's breaking out of the established modes of civilization to find his essential spirit. With his appeal for self-realization and his celebration of Eastern mysticism, Hesse posthumously became a cult figure to young people in the

Yin-yang

2005-01-10T14:59:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Yinyang, �Japanese �In-yo, � in Eastern thought, the two complementary forces, or principles, that make up all aspects and phenomena of life. Yin is conceived of as earth, female, dark, passive, and absorbing; it is present in even numbers, in valleys and streams, and is represented by the tiger, the colour orange, and a broken line. Yang is conceived of as heaven, male, light, active, and penetrating; it is present

Mollien, Nicolas-fran�ois, Count (comte)

2005-01-09T00:31:00.000-08:00

Mollien worked in the office that controlled the activities of the farmers general (private contractors who collected oppressive taxes from the peasants, often by harsh measures) from 1781, and in 1786 he drew up a contract whereby these tax collectors' payments to the Royal Treasury

Graziani, Rodolfo, Marquess Di Neghelli

2005-01-08T15:43:00.000-08:00

After service in Eritrea and Libya before World War I and in Macedonia and Tripolitania subsequently, Graziani became commander in chief of Italian forces in Libya (1930 - 34), governor of Italian Somaliland (1935 - 36), viceroy of Ethiopia (1936 - 37), and honorary governor of Italian East Africa

Pacific Coast

2005-01-07T16:24:00.000-08:00

Region, western North America, possessing two unifying geologic and geographic properties - the Pacific Ocean, which constitutes a natural western border, and the coastal mountain ranges that form the eastern border of the region. The most commonly accepted definition of the Pacific Coast is largely a political one: it defines the region as comprising the U.S. states

Argentina, Government

2005-01-06T00:31:00.000-08:00

Argentina is a federal union of 23 provincias and a federal capital district, the city of Buenos Aires. Federalism came to Argentina only after a long struggle between proponents of a central government and supporters of provincial interests. The constitution of 1853 was modeled on that of the United States. The constitution promulgated in 1994 provided for consecutive

Talent

2005-01-05T00:30:00.000-08:00

The Hebrew talent, or kikkar, probably of Babylonian origin, was

Rayburn, Sam

2005-01-04T23:47:00.000-08:00

Reared on a farm after his family moved to Texas, young Rayburn taught school

Affections, Doctrine Of The

2005-01-03T11:12:00.000-08:00

Also called �Doctrine Of Affects, �German �Affektenlehre, � theory of musical aesthetics, widely accepted by late Baroque theorists and composers, that embraced the proposition that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions within the listener. At the centre of the doctrine was the belief that, by making use of the proper standard musical procedure or device, the composer could create a piece of music capable

China, Formation of a rival southern government

2005-01-02T02:46:00.000-08:00

Meanwhile, in July Sun Yat-sen, supported by part of the Chinese navy and followed by some 100 members of parliament, attempted to organize a rival government in Canton. The initial costs of this undertaking, termed the Movement to Protect the Constitution, probably were supplied by the German consulate in Shanghai. On August 31 the rump parliament in Canton established

Antarctica, IGY and the Antarctic Treaty

2005-01-01T14:39:00.000-08:00

The importance of coordinating polar science efforts was recognized in 1879 by the International Polar Commission meeting in Hamburg, Ger., and thus the 11 participating nations organized the First International Polar Year of 1882 - 83. Most work was planned for the better-known Arctic, and, of the four geomagnetic and meteorologic stations scheduled for Antarctic regions, only

Hwange

2004-12-31T11:47:00.000-08:00

Formerly �Wankie, � town, western Zimbabwe. It was founded about 1900 after the discovery of coal in the vicinity and was named for a local chief, Whanga, who was the dynastic head of the Abananza people. By 1908 a brickyard was established, utilizing local clays, and the production of coke began in 1913. The town is located on road and rail lines to Bulawayo and Zambia, and the coal-mining industry remains

Switzerland, The postwar period

2004-12-30T16:56:00.000-08:00

Switzerland's wartime relations with Germany compromised its postwar standing. In a 1946 agreement, the Western Allies, especially the United States, compelled Switzerland to compensate the looted Western central banks. Because Switzerland would have received no special recognition of its neutrality, the Federal Council decided not to join the United

Andalusia

2004-12-29T07:31:00.000-08:00

Andalusia possesses the most varied terrain and vegetation in all Spain. Striking contrasts exist between alpine mountains and pine forests at high elevations, arid and barren deserts, and fertile irrigated plains that support plantations of subtropical fruits. The topography of Andalusia is divided by mountain ranges into several distinct zones, each running

Beta Decay

2004-12-28T18:21:00.000-08:00

Any of three processes of radioactive disintegration by which some unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously dissipate excess energy and undergo a change of one unit of positive charge without any change in mass number. The three processes are called electron emission, positron (positive electron) emission, and electron capture. Beta decay was named (1899) by Ernest Rutherford

Anezaki Masaharu

2004-12-27T20:15:00.000-08:00

Anezaki started his academic

Leahy, Frank

2004-12-26T02:43:00.000-08:00

Leahy played at Notre Dame under Rockne in 1929, but a knee injury

Lodge, David

2004-12-25T00:04:00.000-08:00

Lodge was educated at University College, London (B.A., 1955; M.A., 1959), and at the University of Birmingham (Ph.D., 1967). His early novels, known mostly in England, include The Picturegoers (1960), about a group of Roman Catholics living in London; Ginger, You're Barmy (1962), Lodge's novelistic

Hughes, Richard (arthur Warren)

2004-12-24T14:32:00.000-08:00

Hughes was educated at Charterhouse School, near Godalming, Surrey, and at Oriel College, Oxford, from which he graduated in 1922, the same year in which his one-act

Hughes, Richard (arthur Warren)

2004-12-23T05:12:00.000-08:00

Hughes was educated at Charterhouse School, near Godalming, Surrey, and at Oriel College, Oxford, from which he graduated in 1922, the same year in which his one-act

Earwig

2004-12-21T14:11:00.000-08:00

Any insect of the order Dermaptera (about 1,100 species), characterized by large membranous hindwings that lie hidden under short, leathery forewings. The earwig varies from 5 to 50 millimetres (0.2 to 2 inches) in length and is flat, slender, and dark coloured. It has a shiny outer covering and simple biting mouthparts, and it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis (i.e., egg, nymph, and adult

Earwig

2004-12-20T03:35:00.000-08:00

Tiwanaku

2004-12-19T06:10:00.000-08:00

Some scholars date the earliest remains found at the site to the early part of the Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 BC - AD 200); others suggest that the culture is evident in artifacts

Ali�kmon River

2004-12-18T03:40:00.000-08:00

Modern Greek �Ali�kmon Potam�s, � river, the longest in Greek Macedonia. The river's total length is 185 miles (297 km). Rising in the Gr�mmos Mountains of the eastern Pindus Range on the Albanian frontier, the Ali�kmon River flows southeast through gentle valleys and basins and is joined by a tributary, sometimes also called the Ali�kmon, which rises near the Albanian border. After collecting the drainage

Liquid

2004-12-16T20:24:00.000-08:00

In physics, one of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between gas and crystalline solid.

Lahore

2004-12-15T03:11:00.000-08:00

Little is known of the history of the settlement prior to the Muslim period. Hindu legend attributes the founding of Lahore to Lava, or Loh, son of Rama, for whom it is said to have been named Lohawar. The city

Reformation

2004-12-14T20:38:00.000-08:00

The world of the late medieval Catholic Church

Aryabhata I

2004-12-13T15:44:00.000-08:00

Also called �Aryabhata the Elder� astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. Known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name, he flourished in Kusumapura - near Patalipurta (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty - where

Desert Palace

2004-12-12T19:25:00.000-08:00

At one time the complexes were thought to be rural retreats for nomadic rulers and members of ruling families who tired of city life, but, because all of these desert residences now seem to have been located on irrigated estates, in military encampments, and at trade centres,

Ch'an

2004-12-11T00:48:00.000-08:00

Form of Mahayana Buddhism that arose in China and reached its culmination in the Zen school of Japan. See Zen.

Biblical Literature, The Johannine Letters: I, II, and III John

2004-12-10T20:18:00.000-08:00

I John, though lacking any formal epistolary salutation or ending, directs itself to a circle

Ubayyid, Al-

2004-12-09T21:14:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �el-Obeid� town, central Sudan. It lies on a sandy, scrub-covered plateau at an elevation of 1,869 feet (570 m). Founded by the Egyptians in 1821, the town was captured and largely destroyed by the Mahdist forces in 1882, but it was rebuilt after Kurdufan was federated with the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899. Al-Ubayyid is encircled by a forest reserve that tends to alleviate dust storms. Located on a spur of the

Arabia, History Of, Hadramites

2004-12-08T13:31:00.000-08:00

Inscriptions from the Hadramite kingdom are scantier in number than from the Sabaean, Minaean, or Qatabanian. Yet the Hadramite was probably the wealthiest of them all. Hadhramaut and the Sa'kal area to the east (modern Dhofar province of the sultanate of Oman) are the only places in Arabia where climatic conditions make production of frankincense possible, and Pliny

Abu Dhabi

2004-12-07T11:01:00.000-08:00

Arabic �Abu Zaby, � town, capital of Abu Dhabi emirate, one of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman), and the national capital of that federation. The town occupies most of a small triangular island of the same name, just off the Persian Gulf coast and connected to the mainland by a short bridge. Abu Dhabi was formerly an undeveloped town of only local importance,